==========Input-/ Output-Stream classes==========
C++ got a new input-/output-stream which is based on classes.They are made available in their own library which is called iostream-library.
The image shows the class-hierarchy.
The class ios is the basis-class of all stream-classes.
The class istream was designed for the Reading.
The class ostream was designed for Writing.
In these istream and ostream classes are the operators << and >> defined.
The class istream was designed for the Reading.
The class ostream was designed for Writing.
In these istream and ostream classes are the operators << and >> defined.
Standard-Streams
- cin : object is used for input ( istream )
- cout : object is used for output ( ostream )
- cerr : object is used for unbuffered error-outputs ( ostream )
- clog : object is used for buffered error-outputs ( ostream )
==========Basics==========
Code:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello!I am a console application." << endl; cout << "Please enter a number" << endl; int number; cin >> number; system("PAUSE"); return 0 }
-the << and >> are the operators for output and input.
-endl is used for a line feed
-int number : numberr is declared as an integer.
-console input is used for the input.
==========Manipulator==========
Code:
// [b]showpos[/b] is used for displaying algebraic sign cout << showpos << 123456789; // output : + 123456789 //You can also use : cout.setf( ios::showpos ) cout << 123456789; //All following outputs positive numbers with algebraic sign cout << 558; // output : + 558 //Use [b]noshowpos[/b] to cancel the positive algebraic sign cout << noshowpos << 123456789 // output : 123456789 //You can also use : cout.unsetf( ios::showpos ) cout << 123456789;
- oct : octal notation
- hex : hexadecimal notation
- dec : decimal notation ( standard )
------------------------------------------------- - showpos : positive integers are displayed with a algebraic sign
- noshowpos : posituve integers are not displayed with a algebraic sign ( standard )
- uppercase : hexadecimal notations are used with capital letters
- nouppercase : hexadecimal notations are used without capital letters ( standard )
Example :
Code:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int number; cout << "Enter a number" << endl; cin >> number; cout << " octal : " << oct << number << endl; cout << " decimal : " << dec << number << endl; cout << " hexadecimal : " << hex << number << endl; system("PAUSE"); return 0; }
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