[Tut]Follow Along tutorial (C#)

bool --- Represents true/false values
byte --- 8-bit unsigned integer ( 0 to 255)
char --- character 
decimal --- Numeric type Usually meant to deal with Financial calcs
double --- double precision floating point
float --- single precision floating point
int --- Integer ( -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647)
long --- Long integer ( -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,808)
sbyte --- 8-bit signed integer( -128 to 127)
short --- short integer ( -32,768 to 32,767)
uint --- a unsigned integer ( 0 to 4,294,967,295)
ulong --- a unsigned long integer ( 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615)
ushort --- a unsigned short integer( 0 to 65,535)

Float = 1.5^-45 to 3.4^ 38
double = 5^-324 to 1.7^308

char is a usigned 16-bit type with a range of 0 to 65,535 characters.
But since we are using Unicode the normal range is from 0 to 127

[EXAMPLE]
char ch;
ch = "x";

Console.Writeline("This is ch: " + ch);

Output = This is ch: x

 static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            int x; // THIS CODE IS KNOWN ONLY Main()

            x = 10;// Defining our variable

            if (x == 10)// pay no attention to the If statement
            {
                int y = 20;// We are defining another variable in this case the variable is y

                Console.WriteLine("x and y: " + x + " " + y);// This is just writing to the console the values of x and the value of y
            }
            Console.ReadLine();
        }

In c# it is fairly common to assign one type of variable to another, such as assigning an int value to a float variable. 

EXAMPLE

int i;
float f;

i = 10;
f = i;

When types are mixed in an assignment, the value of the right side is automatically converted to the type of the left side. In the example above the value of i is converted into a float and then assigned to f. BUT there is an exception to this rule not all types can be converted to each other this way.A bool can not be converted to an int this way. This is where we  get into casting methods.

For other cases you can do this by the example below

EXAMPLE

(target type)expression
u = 32000
s = (short) u;

Code:
arithmetic
bitwise
relational
logical
C# also defines several other operators that handle special situations, such as array indexing and member access. We will talk about those in later lessons.
Code:
+  -- Addition
-  -- Subtraction
* -- Multiplication
/ -- Division
% -- Modulus
++ -- Increment
-- -- Decrement

The +,-,*, and / all work the same way in C# as they do in any other computer language( or in algebra for that matter) They can be applied to any numerical data type.

Code:

EXAMPLE

static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    int irseult, irem;
    double dresukt, drem;

    irseult = 10 / 3;
    irem = 10 % 3;

    dresukt = 10.0 / 3.0;
    drem = 10.0 % 3.0;

    Console.WriteLine("Result and remainder of 10/3 : " + irseult + " " + irem);

    Console.WriteLine("Result and remainder of 10.0 / 3.0 " + dresukt + " " + drem);

    Console.ReadLine();
  }

Console output is 

Result and remainder of 10/3 : 3 1
result and remainder of 10.0/3.0 : 3.33 1

Increments add 1 to a variable so lets try this out

this is just a quick example

x = x+ 1; means the same thing as

x++;

and x = x - 1; means the same thing as

x--;

Relational operators
= =  Equal to
!=  Not equal to
>  greater than
<  less than
>=  greater than or equal to
<=  less than or equal to

Local operators

&  AND
|  or
^  XOR(exclusive or)
||    Short circuit or
&&   Short circuit AND
!  NOT

In this lesson i will cover the if statement
the switch statement
MOST loops for,while,foreach and MAYBE do-while
AND the break,continue,goto,return,and throw statements

This is the standard for the if - else statement
if (condition)
    {
    statement
    }
    else
    {
    statement
    }
*NOTE* You do not have to use brackets, but i prefer to cause it makes the code cleaner and is easily readable

Nested If statements

a nested if is an if statement that is the target of another if or else. Nested ifs are very common in C#. The main thing to remember about nested ifs in C# is that an else statement always refers to the nearest if statement that is within the same block as the else and not already associated with an else

EXAMPLE

int i = 10;
    if (i == 10)
    {
    int j;
    if (j < 20)
    {
    a = b;
    int k;
    if (k > 100)
    {
    c = d;

    }
    else// this else refers to if(k>100)
    {
    a = c;
    }

    }
    }
    else // this else refers to if(i == 10)
    {
    a = d;
    }

Now on this example i obviously have not defined all my variables and that's okay because it is just an example lol

The final else is not associated with if(j<20) because it is not in the same block. Rather, the final else is associated with if(i==10).
The inner else refers to if(k>100), because it is the closest if within the same block.

a common programming construct that is based upon the nest if is the if-else-if ladder. it looks like this

if(condition)
{
statement
}
else if (condition)
{
statement
}
else if (condition)
{
statement
}