I would go for Boost before Qt. Boost is more an extension to the current standard libraries than Qt. Qt is a big framework for advanced concepts like the GUI. Else, you can easily write your own threading wrapper that will be defined by the platform and using the platform API. It's what I do for file handling and unicode. (I try to make a project without any external libraries. Else, I would use boost and iconv)
All these solutions are equivalent... They are all multi-platform and they will all use the system call interface of the OS as the threading is controlled by the kernel.
N.B. Is Boost working fine? I know that some time ago, as it was compliant to new standards, you where getting bunch of errors.